![]() ![]() These hybrids became one of the most astounding insect invaders in recent history feral populations of the ‘Africanized’ bees retained the highly defensive trait of their African ancestors and are now the most common honeybee found from Central South America (Brazil and Northern Argentina) to Mexico and the southern United States 14. Famously, queens and drones escaped and hybridized with the existing population 12, 13. scutellata with commercial stock to serve as a base population in selection programs 12. The intention of the breeding program was to crossbreed A. scutellata queens arrived from South Africa 11 to breeding stations in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. scutellata was imported from Africa for genetic research. These subspecies were used exclusively in Brazil until 1956 when A. It was during this century that Brazilian beekeepers first imported honeybees, chiefly A. caucasia) subspecies were introduced 8, 9. In its native range, the honeybee is divided geographically and genetically into five ancestral lineages-the M and C lineages of Europe, the A lineage of Africa, and the Y and O lineages of Asia 2– 7-that encompass approximately 22 subspecies 7.Įuropean settlers, in the early 18th century, introduced subspecies of the M lineage ( A. The European honeybee ( Apis mellifera) was introduced to North and South America from Old World populations in the early 18th century 1. With 3,606,720 SNPs and 155,336 SNPs within 11,365 genes, this data set is the largest genomic resource available for AHBs and will enable high-resolution studies of the population dynamics, evolution, and genetics of this successful biological invader, in addition to facilitating the development of SNP-based tools for identifying AHBs. This yielded a high density SNP data set with an average read depth at each site of 20.25 reads. We performed high coverage pooled-resequencing of 360 diploid workers from 30 Brazilian AHB colonies using Illumina Hi-Seq (150 bp PE). AHBs-often referred to as ‘Killer Bees’- are a major concern to the beekeeping industry as well as a model for the evolutionary genetics of colony defence. Africanized populations can now be found from Northern Argentina to the Southern United States. scutellata escaped and hybridized with local populations of European A. AHBs originated in 1956 in Rio Clara, Brazil where imported African A. The Africanized honeybee (AHB) is a population of Apis mellifera found in the Americas.
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